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the aspect of the personality from which drives, wishes, urges, and desires emanate. More formally, the division of the psyche associated with instinctual impulses and demands for immediate satisfaction of primitive needs.
illegitimate opportunity structures
subcultural pathways to success which are disapproved of by the wider society.
impression management
the intentional enactment of practiced behavior which is intended to convey to others one's desirable personal characteristics and social qualities.
incapacitation
the use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that an offender will be capable of committing future offenses.
individual rights advocates
those who seek to protect personal freedoms in the face of criminal prosecution.
infrastructure
The basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons.
inferential statistics
specify how likely findings are to be true for other populations, or in other locales.
informed consent
an ethical requirement of social scientific research which specifies that research subjects will be informed as to the nature of the research about to be conducted, their anticipated role in it, and the uses to which the data they provide will be put.
insanity (law)
a legally established inability to understand right from wrong, or to conform one's behavior to the requirements of the law.
insanity (psychological)
persistent mental disorder or derangement.
insider trading
equity trading based on confidential information about important events that may affect the price of the issue being traded.
integrated theory
an explanatory perspective that merges (or attempts to merge) concepts drawn from different sources.
interactionist perspectives
See social process theories.
interdiction
an international drug control policy which aims to stop drugs from entering the country illegally.
internal validity
the certainty that experimental interventions did indeed cause the changes observed in the study group; also the control over confounding factors which tend to invalidate the results of an experiment.
international terrorism
The unlawful use of force or violence by a group or an individual who has some connection to a foreign power or whose activities transcend national boundaries, against people or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
internet
the world's largest computer network.
intersubjectivity
a scientific principle which requires that independent observers see the same thing under the same circumstances for observations to be regarded as valid.
irresistible impulse test
a standard for judging legal insanity which holds that a defendant is not guilty of a criminal offense if the person, by virtue of their mental state or psychological condition, was not able to resist committing the action in question.
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