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also commonly called the "Chicago School" of criminology, is a type of sociological approach which emphasizes demographics (the characteristics of population groups) and geographics (the mapped location of such groups relative to one another) and sees the social disorganization which characterizes delinquency areas as a major cause of criminality and victimization.
ectomorph
a body type originally described as thin and fragile, with long, slender, poorly muscled extremities, and delicate bones.
ego
the reality-testing part of the personality; also referred to as the reality principle. More formally, the personality component that is conscious, most immediately controls behavior, and is most in touch with external reality.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
electrical measurements of brain wave activity.
encryption
See Data encryption.
endomorph
a body type originally described as soft and round, or overweight.
enlightenment (the)
also known as the Age of Reason. A social movement which arose during the 18th century, and built upon ideas such as empiricism, rationality, free will, humanism, and natural law.
environmental crimes
violations of the criminal law which, although typically committed by businesses or by business officials, may also be committed by other persons or organizational entities, and which damage some protected or otherwise significant aspect of the natural environment.
environmental criminology
an emerging perspective which emphasizes the importance of geographic location and architectural features as they are associated with the prevalence of criminal victimization. (Note: as the term has been understood to date, environmental criminology is not the study of environmental crime, but rather a perspective which stresses how crime varies from place to place.)
environmental scanning
"a systematic effort to identify in an elemental way future developments (trends or events) that could plausibly occur over the time horizon of interest," and that might impact one’s area of concern.
ethnic succession
the continuing process whereby one immigrant or ethnic group succeeds another through assumption of a particular position in society.
eugenics
the study of hereditary improvement by genetic control.
evolutionary ecology
an approach to understanding crime that draws attention to the ways people develop over the course of their lives.
experiment
See controlled experiments or quasi-experimental design.
expert systems
computer hardware and software which attempt to duplicate the decision-making processes used by skilled investigators in the analysis of evidence and in the recognition of patterns which such evidence might represent.
external validity
the ability to generalize research findings to other settings.
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