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a perspective which holds that the causes of crime are rooted in social conditions which empower the wealthy and the politically well organized, but disenfranchise those less fortunate. Also called Marxist or critical criminology.
randomization
the process whereby individuals are assigned to study groups without biases or differences resulting from selection.
rape (NCVS)
carnal knowledge through the use of force or the threat of force, including attempts. Statutory rape (without force) is excluded. Both heterosexual and homosexual rape are included.
Rape (UCR).
See Forcible rape.
rational choice theory
a perspective which holds that criminality is the result of conscious choice, and which predicts that individuals choose to commit crime when the benefits outweigh the costs of disobeying the law.
reaction formation
the process in which a person openly rejects that which he or she wants, or aspires to, but cannot obtain or achieve.
realist criminology
an emerging perspective which insists upon a pragmatic assessment of crime and associated problems.
recidivism
the repetition of criminal behavior.
recidivism rate
the percentage of convicted offenders who have been released from prison and who are later rearrested for a new crime, generally within five years following release.
reintegrative shaming
that form of shaming, imposed as a sanction by the criminal justice system, that is thought to strengthen the moral bond between the offender and the community.
replicability
(experimental) a scientific principle which holds that the same observations made at one time can be had again at a later time if all other conditions are the same.
research
the use of standardized, systematic procedures in the search for knowledge.
research design
the logic and structure inherent in an approach to data-gathering.
restitution
a criminal sanction, in particular the payment of compensation by the offender to the victim.
restorative justice
a postmodern perspective which stresses "remedies and restoration rather than prison, punishment and victim neglect."
retribution
the act of taking revenge upon a criminal perpetrator.
reward
desirable behavioral consequences likely to increase the frequency of occurrence of that behavior.
RICO
an acronym for the "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization" statute, which was part of the federal Organized Crime Control Act of 1970.
robbery (UCR)
the unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.
routine activities theory or life-style theory
a brand of rational choice theory which suggests that life-styles contribute significantly to both the volume and type of crime found in any society.
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