Life on Earth

Chapter 30
How Ecosystems Work
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The Flow of Energy
  • The energy captured by photosynthetic organisms is called primary productivity.
  • Organisms occupy different trophic levels based on how they acquire energy.
  • Food chains and food webs describe the feeding relationships within ecosystems.
  • Energy flows through trophic levels.
  • Biological magnification occurs as toxic substances are passed through trophic levels.

    The Cycling of Nutrients
  • The carbon cycle is an atmospheric cycle.
  • The nitrogen cycle is an atmospheric cycle.
  • The phosphorus cycle is a sedimentary cycle.
  • Most water remains chemically unchanged during the water cycle.

    Human Intervention in Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling
  • Acid rain is caused by overloading the nitrogen and sulfur cycles.
  • Interference with the carbon cycle is causing the greenhouse effect.

    Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability



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    Simon & Schuster/A Viacom Company
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