Changes in the New Edition:

• New and Improved Design
• Main headings are written as questions, to help students find the information they need
• A new part, on Document Design
• Up-to-date coverage of online research
• New coverage of MLA and APA documentation for online sources
• Coverage of MLA's new handling of ellipses

Detailed Table of Contents

THINKING AND READING REFLECTIVELY

1	Thinking Reflectively
1a	What is reflective thinking?
1b	What are the steps in the reflective thinking process?
2	Reading Reflectively
2a	What is reflective reading?
2b	What are the steps in the reflective reading process?
	Finding Literal Meaning
	Making Inferences
	Making Evaluations
2c	How do close reading and active reading work?
2d	How does reading systematically work?
3	Reasoning
3a	What are inductive and deductive reasoning?
3b	How should I evaluate evidence?
3c	How should I evaluate cause and effect?
3d	What are logical fallacies?
4	Distinguishing Between Summary and Synthesis
4a	What is summarizing?
4b	What is synthesizing?

WRITING PROCESS

5	Getting Started
5a	What can help me get started?
5b	What is the writing process?
5c	How should I choose a writing topic?
5d	How can I narrow a broad topic?
5e	How can I find ideas for writing?
5f	What is a thesis statement?
5g	How is outlining done?
6	Drafting
6a	What strategies can I use to write a first draft?
6b	What strategies can I use to overcome writer's block?
6c	What strategies can I use to write essay exams?
7	Revising, Editing, Proofreading
7a	What strategies can I use to revise?
7b	How do a thesis statement and an essay title help me revise?
7c	How can a revision checklist help me revise?
7d	What strategies can I use to edit?
7e	How can an editing checklist help me edit?
7f	What strategies can I use to proofread?
8	Composing Paragraphs
8a	What is a paragraph?
8b	How can I write effective introductory paragraphs?
8c	What makes a body paragraph effective?
8d	How do topic sentences work?
8e	How can I use details to develop body paragraphs?
8f	What strategies can I use to create coherent paragraphs?
8g	What strategies can I use to develop body paragraphs?
8h	How can I write effective concluding paragraphs?
9	Arranging Essays
9a	How is an informative essay usually arranged?
9b	How is a persuasive essay usually arranged?
9c	Carol Moreno's essay

SENTENCES

10	Conciseness
10a	How can I eliminate unnecessary words?
10b	How can I avoid redundancies?
10c	How can I eliminate wordy sentence structures?
10d	How else can I reduce the number of words in my sentences?
10e	How do verbs affect conciseness?
11	Coordination and Subordination
11a	How does coordination show that ideas are equivalent?
11b	How can I avoid problems with coordination?
11c	How does subordination show relationships of nonequivalent ideas?
11d	How can I avoid problems with subordination?
12	Sentence Style
12a	What is parallelism?
12b	How can I avoid faulty parallelism?
12c	How should I use parallelism with conjunctions?
12d	How does parallelism intensify my message?
12e	What is sentence variety?
12f	How does the subject of a sentence affect emphasis?
12g	How does adding modifiers affect variety and emphasis?
12h	How does inverting standard word order affect variety and emphasis?
13	Sentence Fragments
13a	What is a sentence fragment?
13b	How can I recognize fragments?
13c	How can I correct a fragment that starts with a subordinating word?
13d	How can I correct a phrase fragment?
13e	What are intentional fragments?
14	Comma Splices and Run-on Sentences
14a	What are comma splices and run-on sentences?
14b	How can I recognize comma splices and run-on sentences?
14c	How can I correct comma splices and run-on sentences?
15	Problems with Sentence Shifts
15a	What is being consistent in person and number?
15b	What is being consistent in subject, voice, and mood?
15c	What is being consistent in verb tense?
15d	What is being consistent in direct and indirect discourse?
15e	What happens in sentences with mixed parts?
	Mixed Clauses
	Mixed Phrase-Clause
	Faulty Predication
	Elliptical Constructions and Comparisons
16	Problems with Modifiers
16a	How should I correct a misplaced modifier?
16b	How should I correct squinting modifiers?
16c	How should I correct split infinitives?
16d	How can I keep modifiers from disrupting a sentence?
16e	How should I correct dangling modifiers?

WORDS

17	Usage Glossary
18	Word Meanings and Word Impact
18a	How can I learn about words and their meanings?
18b	How can I choose exact words?
	Understanding Denotation and Connotation
	Using Specific and Concrete Language
19	Gender-Neutral Language
19a	What is gender in the English language?
19b	What is gender-neutral language?
20	Spelling
20a	How are plurals spelled?
20b	How are suffixes spelled?
20c	What is the ie, ei rule?
20d	How are homonyms and other frequently confused words spelled?

RESEARCH

21	Starting a Research Project
21a	What is a research project?
21b	How should I plan a research project?
21c	What is a research log?
21d	How can I find a topic for research?
22	Finding and Evaluating Traditional and Online Sources
22a	What is a search strategy?  NEW!
22b	What is field research?
22c	What is library research?
22d	What is online research?  NEW! (Up-to-date coverage of online research)
22e	What do I need to know about searching the Web?
	Subject Searches
	Keyword Searches
	Boolean Expressions
22f	How should I evaluate print sources?
22g	How should I evaluate online sources?
23	Extracting Information from Sources  NEW! (Up-to-date coverage)
23a	What documentation style should I use?
23b	How should I create a working bibliography?
23c	How should I take notes?
24	Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
24a	How can I avoid plagiarism?
24b	How should I integrate sources into my writing?
24c	How can I use quotations effectively?
	Making Quotations Mesh with Your Sentences
	Integrating Author Names, Source Titles, and Other Information
24d	How can I write good paraphrases?
24e	How can I write good summaries?
24f	Which verbs can help me weave source material into my sentences?
25	Drafting and Revising a Research Paper

MLA DOCUMENTATION

26	MLA In-Text Citations
26a	What are MLA in-text citations?
26b	What are MLA guidelines for in-text citations?
26c	What are MLA guidelines for content or bibliographic notes?
27	MLA Works Cited List
27a	What are MLA guidelines for a Works Cited list?
27b	What are MLA guidelines for specific sources in a Works Cited list?  NEW! (Information for more kinds of Online Sources)
28	A Student's MLA Research Paper
28a	What are MLA format guidelines for research papers?
28b	Lisa Laver's MLA Research Paper

APA, CM, CBE DOCUMENTATION

29	APA In-Text Citations
29a	What should I know about APA style?
29b	What are APA guidelines for in-text citations?
29c	What are APA guidelines for writing an abstract?
29d	What are APA guidelines for content notes?
29e	What are APA format guidelines for research papers?
30	APA References List
30a	What are APA general guidelines for a References list?
30b	What are APA guidelines for specific sources in a References list?
31	A Student's APA Research Paper
32	CM-Style Documentation
32a	What should I know about CM documentation with bibliographic notes?
32b	What are CM-style guidelines for specific sources in bibliographic notes?
33	CBE-Style Documentation
33a	What should I know about CBE documentation?
33b	What are CBE guidelines for specific sources in a list of references?

NEW SECTION ON DOCUMENT DESIGN!
DOCUMENT DESIGN

34	Principles of Document Design
34a	What is document design?
34b	What is the process of document design?
35	Producing Effective Documents
35a	What does document design involve?
35b	When are graphics useful?
36	Design of Academic and Business Documents
36a	How do I design academic documents?
36b	How do I design business documents?
37	Online Documents
37a	What should I know about e-mail?
37b	What should I know about listservs?
37c	What should I know about creating my own Web page?

GRAMMAR BASICS

38	Parts of Speech and Parts of Sentences [this combines 2 chapters]

PARTS OF SPEECH

38a	What is a noun?
38b	What is a pronoun?
38c	What is a verb?
38d	What is a verbal?
38e	What is an adjective?
38f	What is an adverb?
38g	What is a preposition?
38h	What is a conjunction?
38i	What is an interjection?

PARTS OF SENTENCES

38j	What are subjects and predicates?
38k	What are direct and indirect objects?
38l	What are complements, modifiers, and appositives?
	Recognizing Complements
	Recognizing Modifiers
	Recognizing Appositives
38m	What is a phrase?
38n	What is a clause?
	Recognizing Independent Clauses
	Recognizing Dependent Clauses
38o	What are sentence types?
39	Verbs
39a	What are the forms of main verbs?
	Using the -s Form
	Using Regular Verbs
	Irregular Verbs
39b	What are auxiliary verbs?
39c	Should I use lie or lay?
39d	What are verb tenses?
	Using the Simple Present Tense
	Using Accurate Tense Sequences
39e	What are indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods?
	Using the Subjunctive with if, as if, as though, and unless Clauses
	Using the Subjunctive in that Clauses
39f	What are active and passive voices?
40	Subject-Verb Agreement
40a	What is subject-verb agreement?
40b	What should I do when words come between a subject and verb?
	Using one of the
40c	What should I do when subjects are connected by and?
	Using each and every
40d	What should I do when subjects are connected by words like or?
40e	How should verbs agree with pronoun subjects?
	Using Singular Verbs with Most Indefinite Pronouns
	Making Verbs Agree with the Antecedents of who, which, and that
	Using one of the. . .who
40f	What should I do in other tricky cases of subject-verb agreement?
	Finding the Subject in Inverted Word Order
	Finding the Subject with an Expletive Construction
	Agreeing with the Subject, Not the Subject Complement
	Making Verbs Agree with Collective Nouns
	Making Verbs Agree with Subjects That Specify Amounts
	Making Verbs Agree with Singular Subjects in Plural Form
	Using Singular Verbs with Titles and Terms
41	Pronouns: Agreement, Reference, Case [this combines 3 chapters]

PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT

41a	What is pronoun-antecedent agreement?
41b	What should I do when antecedents are connected by and?
41c	What should I do when antecedents are connected by words like or?
41d	What should I do when antecedents are indefinite pronouns?
41e	What should I do when antecedents are collective nouns?

PRONOUN REFERENCE

41f	How can I avoid unclear pronoun reference?
41g	Why should I avoid adjectives as antecedents?
41h	How should I use it, that, this, and which precisely?
41i	When should I use you for direct address only?
41j	When should I use who, which, and that?

PRONOUN CASE

41k	What is pronoun case?
41l	What case is right when pronouns are connected by and?
41m	How should I match case in appositives?
41n	How does the subjective case work after linking verbs?
41o	When should I use who, whoever, whom, and whomever?
41p	What case should I use after than and as?
41q	What case should I use with infinitives and gerunds?
41r	What case should I use for -self pronouns?
42	Using Adjectives and Adverbs
42a	What are the differences between adjectives and adverbs?
42b	When should I use adverbs-not adjectives-as modifiers?
42c	Why should I avoid double negatives?
42d	When should I use adjectives-not adverbs-as complements?
	Using bad and badly
	Using good and well
42e	What are correct comparative and superlative forms?
	Regular Forms
	Irregular Forms
42f	Why should I avoid too many nouns as modifiers?

TIPS FOR MULTILINGUAL WRITERS

	Message from Lynn Troyka to Multilingual Writers
43	Singulars and Plurals
43a	What are count and noncount nouns?
43b	Which determiners should I use with singular and plural nouns?
43c	What forms are correct for nouns used as adjectives?
44	Articles
44a	How should I use articles with singular count nouns?
44b	How should I use articles with count and noncount nouns?
44c	How should I use the with proper nouns?
45	Word Order
45a	What are standard and inverted word order?
45b	Where should I place adjectives?
45c	Where should I place adverbs?
46	Prepositions
46a	How should I use in, at, and on to show time and place?
46b	How should I use prepositions in phrasal verbs?
46c	How should I use prepositions with passive verbs?
46d	How should I use prepositions in expressions?
47	Gerunds and Infinitives
47a	What verbs use a gerund, not an infinitive, object?
	Using a Gerund After go
	Using Gerunds After be + Complement + Preposition
47b	What verbs use an infinitive, not a gerund, object?
	Using Infinitives After be + Some Complements
	Using Unmarked Infinitive Objects
47c	How does meaning change if a gerund or an infinitive object follows stop, remember, or forget
47d	Do sense verbs change meaning with gerund or infinitive objects?
47e	How should I choose between -ing and -ed forms of adjectives?
	48 Modal Auxiliary Verbs
48a	How do modal auxiliary verbs differ from be, do, and have?
48b	Which modal auxiliary verbs express ability, necessity, advisability, or probability?
	Expressing Ability
	Expressing Necessity
	Expressing Advice or the Notion of a Good Idea
	Expressing Probability
48c	Which modal auxiliary verbs express preference, plan, or past habit?
	Expressing Preferences
	Expressing Plan or Obligation
	Expressing Past Habit

PUNCTUATION AND MECHANICS

49	Commas
49a	When should I use commas?
49b	When should I use a comma to set off introductory words?
49c	How should I use a comma and coordinating conjunction to link sentences?
49d	How should I use commas with a series?
49e	When should I use a comma between adjectives?
49f	Should I use commas to set off nonrestrictive or restrictive elements?
49g	How should I use commas with quoted words?
49h	What else should be set off with commas?
49i	How should I use commas in dates, names, addresses, letter format, and numbers?
	Dates
	Names, Places, and Addresses
	Letter Openings and Closings
	Numbers
49j	How can a comma prevent a misreading?
49k	When are commas wrong?
50	Semicolons
50a	When should I use a semicolon instead of a period between sentences?
50b	When should I use a semicolon instead of a comma?
51	Colons
51a	When should I use a colon with a list, an appositive, or a quotation?
51b	When should I use a colon between sentences?
51c	What conventional formats call for colons?
	Between Title and Subtitle
	Between Hours and Minutes and Minutes and Seconds
	Between Numbers in Ratios
	Between Bible Chapters and Verses
	After Words in Memo Headings
	After Formal Letter Openings
52	Apostrophes
52a	How should I use an apostrophe to show that a noun is possessive?
	Add -'s to Nouns Not Ending in -s
	Add -'s to Singular Nouns Ending in -s
	Add only an Apostrophe to Plural Nouns Ending in -s
	Add -'s to the Last Word in Compound Words and Phrases
	Add -'s to Each Noun in Individual Possession
	Add -'s to Only the Last Noun in Joint or Group Possession
52b	Should I use an apostrophe with hers, his, its, ours, yours, and theirs?
52c	How should I show that an indefinite pronoun is possessive?
52d	Should I use an apostrophe when I add -s to a verb?
52e	How should I use an apostrophe in contractions?
52f	How should I use an apostrophe with plurals of letters, numerals, symbols, and words used as terms?
53	Quotation Marks
53a	How should I use quotation marks with short direct quotations?
	Double Quotation Marks (" ")
	Single Quotation Marks (' ')
53b	How should I use quotation marks with long direct quotations?
53c	How should I use quotation marks for spoken words?
53d	When should I use quotation marks for titles?
53e	Can I use quotation marks to indicate technical terms, words used as terms, words in another language, translated words, and words meant ironically?
53f	When are quotation marks wrong?
53g	Where should I put other punctuation with quotation marks?
	Commas and Periods Inside Closing Quotation Marks
	Colons and Semicolons Outside Closing Quotation Marks
	Question Marks, Exclamation Points, and Dashes Depending on Function
54	End Punctuation
54a	When should I use a period?
54b	When should I use a question mark?
54c	When should I use an exclamation point?
55	Other Punctuation Marks
55a	When should I use a dash?
	Adding Information with Dashes
55b	When should I use parentheses?
	Adding Information with Parentheses
	Conventional Uses
	Other Punctuation with Parentheses
55c	When should I use brackets?
55d	When should I use ellipses?
	Ellipses in MLA Style  NEW!
	Ellipses in APA Style  NEW!
	Omissions from Poetry
55e	When should I use a slash?
56	Hyphens
56a	How should I hyphenate at the end of a line?
56b	When should I hyphenate prefixes and suffixes?
56c	When should I hyphenate compound words?
56d	When should I hyphenate spelled-out numbers?
57	Capitals
57a	When should I capitalize a "first" word?
	After a Colon
	A Series of Questions
	Listed Items
	Inside Parentheses
57b	How should I capitalize quotations?
57c	When should I capitalize nouns and adjectives?
57	Italics
58a	How should I choose between italics and quotation marks?
58b	When should I use italics for emphasis?
58	Abbreviations
59a	What abbreviations can I use with times and amounts?
59b	How should I use abbreviations with people's names?
59c	When can I abbreviate names of countries, organizations, and government agencies?
59d	What abbreviations can I use in addresses?
59e	When can I use etc. and other Latin abbreviations?
59	Numbers
60a	When should I spell numbers out in words?
60b	How should I write dates, addresses, times, and other numbers?

TERMS GLOSSARY AND INDEX