CONTENTS
Contributing Fields 5 Scientific Inquiry 9
Wundt and Structuralism 10 James and Functionalism 11 Calkinsıs Contributions 12
Biological Approach 14 Origins of Psychoanalysis 15 Rise of Behaviorism 16 Humanistic Psychology 17 Cognitive Psychology 18
Basic Research 21 Applied Psychology 24 Ethics and Principles 26
Types of Observation 35 Uses and Cautions 36
Use of Questionnaires 38 Sampling Procedures 40 Unobtrusive Measures 40
Interviews and Tests 43 Case History 45
Classical Experiment 46 Design of Experiments 49 Multifactor Studies 52
Research Ethics 53 Comparison of Methods 56
Organs and Systems 64 Human Nervous System 66
The Neuron 68 Nature of the Message 69 Chemical Foundations 72
Brain and Evolution 76 Subcortical Structures 77 Cerebral Cortex 80 Hemispheric Specialization 84
Autonomic Functions 86 The Endocrine System 88
Responding to Stimulation 97 The Detection Question 98 The Discrimination Question 100 Signal Detection Theory 101
Visual Ability 103 Capacity for Hearing 108 Sense of Smell 111 Taste Sensations 113 Sensitivities of the Skin 114
Kinesthesis 117 Visceral Sensitivity 118 Sense of Balance 118 Passive Motion 119
Intersensory Perception 121 Extrasensory Perception 123
Selective Attention 132 Divided Attention 135
Primitive Organization 136 Form Perception 140 Perceptual Constancy 141
Depth Perception 144 Perception of Movement 146 Experiencing Illusions 148 Perception of People 151
Perceptual Set 152 Role of Learning 154
Wake-Sleep Cycle 163 The Sleeping State 163 The Dreaming State 169 Theories of Dreaming 171
Practice of Meditation 174 Use of Hypnosis 176
Using Drugs 180 Drug Experiences 182
Process of Classical Conditioning 195 Classical Conditioning Principles 198 Influence of Classical Conditioning 203
Respondent Behavior 205 Operant Behavior 206
Process of Operant Conditioning 207 Operant Conditioning Principles 210 Influence of Operant Conditioning 216
Concept of Chaining 218 Two-Factor Theory 219 Observational Learning 222 Learning and Cognition 224
Sensory Stage 234 Short-Term Memory 235 Long-Term Memory 239 Levels of Processing 242
Measurement of Memory 245 Physiological Bases 248 Structure of the Trace 251
Decay Theory 253 Obliteration of the Trace 254 Interference Theory 255 Motivated Forgetting 257
Role of Motivation 258 Memory Systems 259
Forming Concepts 267 Concepts and Language 269
Nature of Language 272 Language Learning 276 Views of Language Learning 279
Computer Thought 282 Human Reasoning 286 Problem Solving 288
Processes in Creativity 293 Creativity and Humor 295
Inborn and Acquired Factors 304 Instinct and Human Behavior 306
Hunger and Thirst 307 Need for Sleep 311 Sexuality and Parenting 312
Boredom and Curiosity 315 Affectional Stimulation 316
Desire for Affiliation 318 Achievement Motivation 319
Biological Perspectives 321 Psychological Viewpoints 324 A Motivational Hierarchy 326 Multiple Bases of Motivation 329
Feelings in Emotion 335 Physiology of Emotion 337 Emotional Behavior 340 Cognition in Emotion 341
Classical Views of Emotion 343 Arousal-Cognition Theory 345
Developing Relationships 348 Love Relationships 349 Experiencing Sex 351 Sexual Behavior 353
Origins of Aggression 355 Reducing Aggression 357
Stressful Events 358 Bodily Reactions to Stress 361 Coping with Stress 363
At Conception 375 Determiners of Heredity 375 Genetic Processes 376
Early Neural Growth 378
Social-Emotional Development 380
Physical Development 384 Cognitive Development 386 Moral Development 393 Social Development 394
Physical Changes 397 Cognitive Abilities 398 Social Relations 400 Individual Differences 404
Intelligence Testing 411 Evaluating Tests 413
Mental Retardation 419 Mental Giftedness 421
Psychometric Approach 423 Cognitive Approach 425
Studies of Group Differences 429 Methods of Assessment 432 NatureNurture Interaction 435
Cross-Sectional Studies 436 Longitudinal Studies 437 Importance of Experience 439
Structure of Personality 447 Personality Development 449 Unconscious Motivation 452 Psychodynamic Views 456
Biological Approach 460 Personality Traits 463
Operant View of Personality 466 Social Learning and Personality 467 Consistency Controversy 470
Free Will and Uniqueness 470 Person-Centered Approach 471
Personality Testing 474 The Eclectic Approach 478
The Adjustment Continuum 485 Coping Effectively 487 Inefficient Coping 488
The Diagnostic Challenge 493 Diagnostic Perspectives 495
Anxiety Disorders 497 Somatoform Disorders 499 Dissociative Disorders 500 Mood Disorders 501 Schizophrenia 503 Personality Disorders 508
Assessing Adjustment 511 Cultural Relativism 513
Insight Therapies 522 Traditional Psychoanalysis 522 Humanistic Approach 525 Cognitive Therapy 529 The Group Context 532
Classical Conditioning Methods 534 Operant Conditioning Methods 537 Observational Learning 539
Natural Body Therapies 540 Electroshock and Psychosurgery 541 Psychotherapeutic Drugs 542
Problems in Evaluation 544 Effectiveness of Therapy 546 Mental Health Movements 549 Institutional Treatment 549 Preventive Mental Health 550
Forming Attitudes 562 Consistency in Attitudes 564 Techniques of Persuasion 565
Forming Impressions 568 Using Stereotypes 570 Attribution Theory 573
Factors in Attraction 575 Long-Term Relationships 577
Tendency to Conform 579 Compliance and Obedience 581 Altruistic Behavior 583 Group Processes 585 Status in the Group 585 Cooperation and Competition 587 Making Decisions 589 Group Leadership 591
Statistics in Research 601 Misuse of Statistics 603
Graphs and Numbers 605 Measures of Central Tendency 607 Measures of Variability 609 Describing Sets of Scores 611
Types of Correlation 614 Determining Relationships 615
Sampling Procedures 619 Point Estimation 620 Study of Differences 621
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