1. N. Kogan and M. A. Wallach, "Group Risk Taking as a
    Function of Members' Anxiety and Defensiveness," Jour-
    nal of Personality
    , March 1967, pp. 50-63.

  2. M. Friedman and R. H. Rosenman, Type A Behavior and
    Your Heart
    (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), p. 84 (em-
    phasis in original).

  3. Ibid., pp. 84-85.

  4. Ibid, p. 86.

  5. See, for instance, G. W. M. Ip and M. H. Bond, "Culture,
    Values, and the Spontaneous Self-Concept," Asian Journal
    of Psychology
    , vol. 1, 1995, pp. 30-36; J. E. Williams, J. L.
    Saiz, D. L. FormyDuval, M. L. Munick, E. E. Fogle, A.
    Adom, A. Haque, F. Neto, and J. Yu, "Cross-Cultural Vari-
    ation in the Importance of Psychological Characteristics:
    A Seven-Country Study," International Journal of Psychol-
    ogy
    , October 1995, pp. 529-50; and V. Benet and N. G.
    Waller, "The Big Seven Factor Model of Personality De-
    scription: Evidence for Its Cross-Cultural Generalizability
    in a Spanish Sample," Journal of Personality and Social Psy-
    chology
    , October 1995, pp. 701-18.

  6. J. F. Salgado, "The Five Factor Model of Personality and
    Job Performance in the European Community," Journal of
    Applied Psychology
    , February 1997, pp. 30-43.

  7. F. Kluckhohn and F. L. Strodtbeck, Variations in Value Ori
    entations
    (Evanston, IL: Row Peterson, 1961).

  8. P. B. Smith, F. Trompenaars, and S. Dugan, "The Rotter
    Locus of Control Scale in 43 Countries: A Test of Cultural
    Relativity, " International Journal of Psychology, June 1995,
    pp. 377-400.

  9. Friedman and Rosenman, Type A Behavior and Your Heart,
    p. 86.

  10. P. L. Ackerman and L. G. Humphreys, "Individual Dif-
    ferences Theory in Industrial and Organizational Psy-
    chology," in M. D. Dunnette and L. M. Hough (eds.),
    Handbook of Industrial & Organizational Psychology, 2nd
    ed., vol. 1 (Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists, 1990),
    pp. 223-82.

  11. J. L. Holland, Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vo-
    cational Personalities and Work Environments
    , 2nd ed. (En-
    glewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1985). See also R. Hogan
    and R. J. Blake, "Vocational Interests: Matching Self-
    Concept with the Work Environment," in K. R. Murphy
    (ed.), Individual Differences and Behavior in Organizations
    (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996), pp. 89-144.

  12. See, for example, A. R. Spokane, "A Review of Research
    on Person-Environment Congruence in Holland's The-
    ory of Careers," Journal of Vocational Behavior, June
    1985, pp. 306-43; D. Brown, "The Status of Holland's
    Theory of Career Choice," Career Development Journal,
    September 1987, pp. 13-23; J. L. Holland and G. D.
    Gottfredson, "Studies of the Hexagonal Model: An
    Evaluation (or, The Perils of Stalking the Perfect Hexa-
    gon)," Journal of Vocational Behavior, April 1992, pp.
    158-70; and T. J. Tracey and J. Rounds, "Evaluating
    Holland's and Gati's Vocational-Interest Models: A
    Structural Meta-Analysis," Psychological Bulletin, March
    1993, pp. 229-46.

  13. See B. Schneider, "The People Make the Place," Personnel
    Psychology
    , Autumn 1987, pp. 437-53; D. E. Bowen, G. E.
    Ledford, Jr., and B. R. Nathan, "Hiring for the Organiza-
    tion, Not the Job," Academy of Management Executive,
             November 1991, pp. 35-51; B. Schneider, H. W. Gold-
             stein, and D. B. Smith, "The ASA Framework: An Up-
             date," Personnel Psychology, Winter 1995, pp. 747-73;
             A. L. Kristof, "Person-Organization Fit: An Integrative
             Review of Its Conceptualizations, Measurement, and Im-
             plications," Personnel Psychology, Spring 1996, pp. 1-49;
             and J. Schaubroeck, D. C. Ganster, and J. R. Jones, "Orga-
             nization and Occupation Influences in the Attraction-
             Selection-Attrition Process," Journal of Applied Psychology,
             December 1998, pp. 869-91.
  1. Based on T. A. Judge and D. M. Cable, "Applicant Person-
    ality, Organizational Culture, and Organization Attrac-
    tion," Personnel Psychology, Summer 1997, pp. 359-94.

  2. Cited in the Los Angeles Times, January 3, 1998, p. A3.

  3. See, for example, L. L. Putnam and D. K. Mumby, "Orga-
    nizations, Emotion and the Myth of Rationality," in S.
    Fineman (ed.), Emotion in Organizations (Thousand Oaks:
    Sage, 1993), pp. 36-57; J. Martin, K. Knopoff, and C.
    Beckman, "An Alternative to Bureaucratic Impersonality
    and Emotional Labor: Bounded Emotionality at the
    Body Shop," Administrative Science Quarterly, June 1998,
    pp. 429-69; and T. A. Domagalski, "Emotion in Organi-
    zations: Main Currents," Human Relations, June 1999, pp. 833-52.

  4. B. E. Ashforth and R. H. Humphrey, "Emotion in the
    Workplace: A Reappraisal," Human Relations, February
    1995, pp. 97-125.

  5. J. M. George, "Trait and State Affect," in K. R. Murphy
    (ed.), Individual Differences and Behavior in Organizations
    (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996), p. 145.

  6. See N. H. Frijda, "Moods, Emotion Episodes and Emo-
    tions," in M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland (eds.), Handbook
    of Emotions
    (New York: Guilford Press, 1993), pp.
    381-403.

  7. H. M. Weiss and R. Cropanzano, "Affective Events The-
    ory," in B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings, Research in Orga-
    nizational Behavior
    , vol. 18 (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press,
    1996), pp. 17-19.

  8. N. H. Frijda, "Moods, Emotion Episodes and Emotions,"
    p. 381.

  9. See J. A. Morris and D. C. Feldman, "The Dimensions,
    Antecedents, and Consequences of Emotional Labor,"
    Academy of Management Review, October 1996, pp.
    986-1010; and C. S. Hunt, "Although I Might Be Laugh-
    ing Loud and Hearty, Deep Inside I'm Blue: Individual
    Perceptions Regarding Feeling and Displaying Emotions
    at Work," paper presented at the Academy of Manage-
    ment National Conference; Cincinnati, OH, August
    1996.

  10. A. R. Hochschild, "Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and So-
    cial Structure," American Journal of Sociology, November
    1979, pp. 551-75.

  11. B. M. DePaulo, "Nonverbal Behavior and Self-Presenta-
    tion," Psychological Bulletin, March 1992, pp. 203-43.

  12. C. S. Hunt, "Although I Might Be Laughing Loud and
    Hearty," p. 3.

  13. See, for example, P. Shaver, J. Schwartz, D. Kirson,
    and C. O'Connor, "Emotion Knowledge: Further Explo-
    ration of a Prototype Approach," Journal of Personality
    and Social Psychology
    , June 1987, pp. 1061-86; P.
    Ekman, "An Argument for Basic Emotions," Cognition


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