Peter Sommer, Germany
Michael Orzessek, Germany
Hewlett-Packard

Published August, 1997 by Prentice Hall PTR (ECS Professional)

Copyright 1998, 352 pp.
Cloth
ISBN 0-13-243700-7
$63.00

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A detailed look at MPEG-2 and ATM, the key enablers for digital video—and how they fit together. Two technologies will drive broadband multimedia: ATM networking, and MPEG-2 digital video compression. This book covers them both in detail, showing how to integrate them into an efficient delivery system for next-generation digital video services. ATM & MPEG-2 begins with a thorough introduction to audio and video processing, and how technologies like MPEG-2 reflect the strengths and weaknesses of human sight and hearing. Next, it reviews MPEG-2 architecture and processes, covering both video and audio. It focuses on digital video's unique transport requirements, which must be met to build any successful application. The book introduces ATM, its relevant protocols, and the network elements needed to deploy it. It explains how to use the ATM Layer's Quality of Service (Qos) capabilities to precisely control the quality and cost of broadband multimedia applications. ATM & MPEG-2 covers the latest initiatives and standards in support of digital broadband video, by the ATM Forum, the Digital Audio Visual Council (DAVIC), the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), and ITU-T. It also compares “last mile” access network technologies such as HFC, xDSL, FTTC, and MMDS/LMDS, and reviews the challenges involved in transporting MPEG-2 over the Internet. If you're a communications professional, this is your comprehensive briefing on MPEG-2 and digital video. If you're a video professional, this is the first ATM primer designed specifically for you. No matter who you are—engineer, network operator, manufacturer, integrator, consultant, researcher, or customer—you'll learn how these crucial technologies fit together. In short, ATM & MPEG-2' is the essential sourcebook for broadband multimedia.



MICHAEL ORZESSEK, a sales development engineer for Hewlett-Packard, specializes in MPEG-based broadband multimedia systems for interactive TV, near-video-on-demand, and other applications.

PETER SOMMER, a sales development engineer for Hewlett-Packard's IDACOM Telecom Operation, is a frequent lecturer on B-ISDN, ATM, and digital video. He specializes in high-end test equipment for MPEG-2, B-ISDN, and related technologies.

List of Figures.
List of Tables.
Preface.
Acknowledgments.
1. Introduction.

New Services and New Technologies.

Network Technologies: Broadband ISDN and ATM. Digital Video Technologies: ISO/IEC's Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG). Network Technologies: Access Networks. Video in Future Information Systems.

2. Video and Audio Fundamentals.

Video and Audio Fundamentals — On A Page.

Video Fundamentals.

Aspects of the Human Sense of Seeing. Colorspaces. RGB (Red, Green, Blue). YUV and YCrCb. Sampling of Chrominance and Luminance Values. Interlacing. Digital Video Formats. ITU-R 601 Recommendation. Source Input Format (SIF) and Common Interchange Format (CIF).

Audio Fundamentals.

Aspects of the Human Sense of Hearing. Basic Terms and Concepts. Digital Representation of Sound.

To Get More Details.

3. MPEG-2.

MPEG-2 — On A Page.

The MPEG-2 Standards.

MPEG-2 Video.

Introduction. MPEG-2 Video — the Basics. Video Sequence. Frame. Pictures, Macroblocks and Blocks. Slices. Fields. Data Compression Used in MPEG-2 Video. MPEG-2 Video — The Video Bitstream Syntax. MPEG-2 Video — Scalability. Spatial Scalability. Temporal Scalability. SNR Scalability. Data Partitioning. MPEG-2 Video — Profiles and Levels.

MPEG Audio.

Introduction. Layers 1, 2, and 3. MPEG Audio Compression and Encoding. PDU Structure. Coding Modes. MPEG-2 Audio Additions. Compatibility and Matrixing. Adaptive Multichannel Prediction. The NBC Work Group.

MPEG-2 Systems.

Introduction. Transport Streams and Program Streams. MPEG-2 System Syntax Hierarchy. The Transport Packet. The Adaptation Field. Splicing of Transport Streams. The PES Packet. Program Specific Information. PSI Table Sections. The Program Clock Reference. Error Detection in MPEG-2 Systems.

MPEG-2 Digital Storage Medium — Command and Control (DSM-CC).

Introduction. User-to-Network Operations. User-to-Network Messages. User-to-User Operations. Application Download Communication. Client-Server Communication.

To Get More Details.

4. Broadband Network Technologies.

Broadband Network Technologies — On A Page.

History and Background of B-ISDN.

Abilities and Benefits of B-ISDN.

Introduction. Application Independence. Bandwidth Efficiency. LAN-MAN-WAN Integration. Bandwidth Granularity. Dynamic Bandwidth. Variable Connection Quality.

Description of Selected Network Elements and Structures.

Introduction. Network Elements. Reference Points. Public Network Elements.

B-ISDN Protocols.

Introduction. Physical/Convergence Layer. Transmission Convergence Layer. Physical Media Dependent Layer. SONET and SDH. SONET STS-3c and SDH STM-1 T ransmission Convergence Sublayer. SDH STM-1 and SONET STS-3c Frame Generation and Extraction. E3. DS-3. Header Error Control (HEC). Cell Delineation. ATM Layer. VPI and VCI. PTI. CLP. HEC. ATM Layer Quality of Service (QoS). ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL). AAL-1. CS and SAR. AAL-5. CS and SAR. B-ISDN Services. Signaling. UNISignaling. UNI Signaling Message Flow. UNI Signaling Messages and IE's.

To Get More Details . . .

5. Access Networks.

Access Networks — On A Page.

Access Networks — The Basics.

Access Network Types.

Introduction. FTTC. ADSL/VDSL. HFC. FTTH. Satellite and Terrestrial Distribution. MMDS/LMDS.

To Get More Details . . .

6. Video in Broadband Networks.

Video in Broadband Networks — On A Page.

Introduction.

The ATM Forum Video On Demand Implementation Agreement.

Introduction. ATM Forum VoD Protocol Reference Model. Network Adaptation. Traffic Parameters and Quality of Service Parameters.

ITU-T Recommendation J.82.

Mapping of MPEG-2 in AAL-1. Mapping of MPEG-2 in AAL-5.

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Work Groups: Digital Video in the Internet.

Introduction. The Internet Service Model. IETF Work Groups and Standards.

The Digital Audio-Visual Council (DAVIC) Association Specification.

Introduction. DAVIC System Reference Model. DAVIC Delivery System. The DAVIC Information Flows. S1 Flow: Content Flow. S2 Flow: Control Flow. S3 Flow: Control Flow. S4 Flow: Control Flow. S5 Flow: Management Flow. Physical Layers in the DAV IC Delivery System.

To Get More Details . . .

List of References.
Appendix A: Organizations.
Appendix B: List of Acronyms.
Index.
List of Figures.

Video in digital networks. Service delivery architecture. Y, Cr, and Cb distribution for 4:4:4. Y, Cr, and Cb distribution for 4:2:2. Y, Cr, and Cb distribution for 4:2:0. Two fields forming a Frame. Masking effect with dominating 1.2 KHz frequency. Time and frequency domain representation of the same signal. Signal to noise ratio—actual signal and noise floor. A/D and D/A conversion,(4 bits resolution) along with the resulting quantisation error. Basic objects in MPEG-2. Matrices forming a 4:4:4 and a 4:2:2 frame. Macroblock forma ts of 4:4:4, 4:2:2 and 4:2:0. Use of a B.picture. Display order of pictures. Transmission order of pictures. The quantization process. MPEG-2 video quantization matrix. Variable length coding. MPEG-2 decoding process. Definition of the video sequence in MPEG-2 syntax. MPEG-2 video syntax hierarchy. Decoding flow in the case of spatial and temporal scalability. Decoding flow in the case of SNR scalability. Decoding flow in the case of data partitioning. The overall audio compression and encoding process, for all th ree layers. Calculated masking threshold and the allowable levels of noise in each sub band. PDU structure of the MPEG.1 audio frame. Surround sound setup in "3/2 stereo". Scope of MPEG-2 system's specification. MPEG-2 System's layer processor. Relationship between access units, PES packets and tra nsport stream packets. MPEG-2 system's hierarchy. MPEG-2 system's syntax hierarchy. Transport packet header. Adaptation field header. Simplified video PES packet. Relationship between PSI Tables. PSI section mapping in the case of a PMT. PCR fields in transport packet adaptation field. PCR transmission. Bits to use for error indication and prevention. DSM-CC in the video on demand protocol scenario. Links between server and client. DSM-CC user-to-network and user-to-user interfaces. DSM-CC message header. Data fields and resource descriptors in DSM-CC. DSM-CC user-to-network message components. DSM-CC user-to-network messages. Session setup command sequence. Definition of play function in DSM-CC the user-to-user. Structure of the ATM cell. The structure of TDM. The various reference points and network elements of B-ISDN. Layers and planes that comprises the B-ISDN. Functions of the different layers in the B-ISDN model. SONET/SDH framing when transporting ATM cells; exemplified via SDH. G.832 E3 frame structure used for carrying ATM cells. PLCP framing format used with DS.3. The ATM cell and the ATM cell header at the UNI and the NNI. The relationship between VPs and VCs. Relationships between services and AALs. AAL-1 SAR PDU structure. Structure of AAL-5 sublayers. AAL-5 CPCS format ("CS PDU") and the ATM cell. UNI signaling stack. UNI signaling flow, exemplified by a connection establishment. General structure of the UNI signaling message and Information Element. Message types and the information element types used in Q.2931 UNI signaling. Generic access network model. Example of commonly discussed access network types. Fiber To The Curb access network structure. The ADSL access network structure. The Hybrid Fiber—Coax access network structure. Example of the Fiber to the Home Architecture. Satellite-based distribution system with POTS/N-ISDN-based return channel. MMDS access network structure. ATM Forum VoD Protocol Reference Model. Mapping of MPEG-2 transport packets according to the ATM Forum. Structure of video and FEC information in the interleaving matrix, used with AAL-1. Video application scenario on the internet. DAVIC Scope. Parts of the DAVIC specification. DAVIC system reference model. DAVIC delivery system. Processing of DAVIC information flows. S1 protocol stack. S2 protocol stack. S3 protocol stack. S4 protoco l stack. S5 protocol stack.

List of Tables.

New video services. Desktop applications including video. ITU-R 601 parameters. SIF and CIF parameters. Parts of the MPEG-2 standard. MPEG-2 video syntax structures. Priority breakpoint values. Profiles and Levels defined by MPEG-2 Video. M PEG-2 profile constraints. MPEG-2 main level—main profile values. Decoder compatibility chart. Central characteristics of the three layers of MPEG audio coding. The MPEG-1 — and to some extent, the MPEG-2 — audio PDU structure. The different types of channel utilization in MPEG audio. Possible input combinations to the audio encoder. The seven possible configurations that the MPEG-2 decoder can present. The eight combinations of channels (in the 3/2 configuration). MPEG-2 system's high level protocol data units. Defined transport stream PIDs. Transport packet header fields. Adapt ation field fields. PES stream Ids. PES packet header indicators. Video related stream descriptors. Transmission frequency of MPEG-2 system's timestamps. DSM-CC message header fields. DSM-CC configuration messages. DSM-CC user-to-network Resource: Atm connection. DSM-CC user-to-user function for stream manipulation interface. Different levels in SONET and SDH, and the corresponding line speeds. PTI field contents and meaning. Meaning of the different fields found in the UNI signaling message. Meaning of the different fields found in the UNI signaling Information Element. Digital video delivery approaches. Issues related to digital video in the Internet. DAVIC reference points. DAVIC information flows. DAVIC physical layers and corresponding bitrates.