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like labeling, the process whereby an individual is negatively defined by agencies of justice.
target hardening
the reduction in criminal opportunity, generally through the use of physical barriers, architectural design, and enhanced security measures, of a particular location.
techniques of neutralization
culturally available justifications which can provide criminal offenders with the means to disavow responsibility for their behavior.
TEMPEST
a standard developed by the U.S. government that requires that electromagnetic emanations from computers designated as "secure" be below levels that would allow radio receiving equipment to "read" the data being computed.
terrorism
Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.
testosterone
the primary male sex hormone, produced in the testes and functioning to control secondary sex characteristics and sexual drive.
tests of significance
statistical techniques intended to provide researchers with confidence that their results are in fact true, and not the result of sampling error.
thanatos
a death wish.
theory
a series of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately to control some class of events. A theory gains explanatory power from inherent logical consistency, and is "tested" by how well it describes and predicts reality.
threat analysis
or risk analysis, involves a complete and thorough assessment of the kinds of perils facing an organization.
three-strikes
a provision of some criminal statutes which mandates life imprisonment for criminals convicted of three violent felonies or serious drug offenses.
total institutions
facilities from which individuals can rarely come and go, and in which communal life is intense and circumscribed. Individuals in total institutions tend to eat, sleep, play, learn, and worship (if at all) together.
trafficking
includes manufacturing, distributing, dispensing, importing, and exporting (or possession with intent to do the same) a controlled substance or a counterfeit substance.
trephination
a form of surgery, typically involving bone and especially the skull. Early instances of cranial trephination have been taken as evidence for primitive beliefs in spirit possession.
Twelve Tables
early Roman laws written around 450 B.C. which regulated family, religious and economic life.
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